スパニングツリーの新しい仕様が、2001年にIEEE 802.1w として公開されてから6年が経ち、最近発売されるLAN スイッチ製品ではRSTP をサポートしているのが当たり前になりました。
RSTP の一番のウリは、トポロジ収束の早さです。
従来のスパニングツリー（IEEE 802.1D）では、全てのLAN スイッチが特定のスイッチをルートブリッジと認識して、安定したツリートポロジに収束するまで、最短で30秒掛かりました（全てのスイッチポートが同時にリンクアップした場合）。
15秒（Forward Delay）の2倍。状況によっては、更に20秒掛かります（Max Age）。
RSTP では、トポロジの規模や構成にもよりますが、早ければ一瞬で、遅くともだいたい数秒で収束します。
何を根拠にポートをFORWARDING とするか
STP とRSTPの収束に要する時間の違いは、スイッチが何を以てループが存在しないと判断するか？に拠ります。
スパニングツリーの目的は、任意の物理トポロジ上に、ループの存在しない（ループフリー）論理トポロジを構成することです。
ポートの先にループが存在しないことが確認できて初めて、そのポートをFORWARDING にすることが出来ます。
RSTP では、ポートがリンクアップすると、対向スイッチにBPDU（Proposal）を送信します。
Proposal を受信したスイッチは、自分の全ポートでループが存在しないことを確認した後、BPDU（Agreement）を返信します。
Agreement を受信したスイッチは、晴れてそのポートをFORWARDING とすることが出来ます。
+--------+ Proposal +--------+ Proposal +--------+
| Switch | --(1)--> | Switch | --(2)--> | Switch |
| A | <-(4)--- | B | <-(3)--- | C |
+--------+ Agreement +--------+ Agreement +--------+
つまりRSTP では、ポートをFORWARDING にして良いかスイッチ間で交渉（Negotiation）しているわけです。
これに対してSTP は、ポートをFORWARDING にして良いか判断するために、Forward Delay（デフォルト = 15秒）というタイマーを使います。
Forward Delay の満了（Expire）によってポートステートが遷移して行き、LISTENING、LEARNING の間により強いBPDU を受信しなければ、そのポートはFORWARDING となります。
つまり、トポロジ上の全てのLAN スイッチポートが同じタイマ値（15秒）であることを前提とし、タイマ満了によってループが存在しないと判断しているわけです。
スパニングツリーのタイマ設定は、ルートブリッジに設定された値が全てのスイッチで使われるので、必ず全スイッチで同じになります。
この違いは、トポロジ収束の仕方に現れます。
STP は、中心に位置するルートブリッジから送られてくるBPDUに基づいて、トポロジの中心から辺縁（エッジ）に向かって収束していきます。
RSTP は、上流から受け取ったBPDU に基づくのはSTP と同じですが、下流のスイッチとの交渉が必要なので、トポロジの辺縁から中心に向かって収束していきます。
なぜSTP で交渉ベースのトポロジ収束が出来ないか？
対向スイッチにProposal を送信し、Agreement を受け取ったらポートをFORWARDING にする。この程度の簡単な処理がなぜSTP では出来ないのか？
理由は、3台以上の機器がリンク上に存在し得るシェアードメディアでの使用を前提としているからです。
STP の仕様が802.1D の一部としてIEEE に承認されたのは、1990年の5月です。
その頃主流のLAN メディアは、バス型の10BASE5 や10BASE2、リング型のToken Ring など、３台以上の機器が一つのリンクを共有するタイプでした。
Twisted Pair ケーブルを使う10BASE-T が802.3i として承認されたのが同年の9月。ペアケーブルでの全二重通信が802.3x として承認されるのは1997年3月です。
リンク上に3台以上の機器が存在すると、どうなるか？
2台の機器間で交渉してループフリーを確認しても、3台目の先にはまだループが存在するかもしれないのです。
そのような状態でポートをFORWARDING にすることは出来ません。
3台目とも交渉してループフリーを確認しても、4台目は？5台目は？6台目・・・際限がありません。
ループフリー ループ？？
: :
| |
+---+----+ +---+----+
| Switch | | Switch |
| B | | C |
+---+----+ +---+----+
| |
*------+-----------+----------------+--------*
| 10BASE5
+---+----+ 10BASE2
| Switch | 10BASE-T(HUB)
| A |
+--------+
リンクに存在するスイッチの台数を知る手段が無いからです。
シェアードメディア上で交渉ベースのトポロジ収束を可能にするためには、リンク上のスイッチを事前に登録するか、OSPF のようにスイッチ間で隣接関係を構築する別な仕組みが必要です。
仮にシェアードメディア（10BASE5）上で交渉ベースのスイッチ間交渉を行うとすると、どうなるでしょうか？
Ethernet のセグメント上には、最大1024台の機器が存在できます（CSMA/CD の動作に基づく上限値）。
参考：Ethernet の再送処理 - バックオフアルゴリズム
1024台全てがスイッチだとすると、（1024*(1024-1))/2 で、523,776 通りの交渉が必要になります。
まず、1,023台のスイッチと交渉しなければなりません。これだけでも相当な手間です。
セグメント上の全ての組み合わせが交渉し終えない限りループが存在しないことが保証できないので、他のスイッチ間の交渉状況（522,753 通り）も常に監視する必要があります。
はっきり言って、タイマーを使った方が早くFORWARDING にできるし、スイッチの負荷も相当軽くなります。
RSTP がRapid Reconfiguration できる理由
ポートの先に1台しか存在しないことが分かっているからです。
ポートがFull Duplex に設定され、リンク上の機器が自分の他に1台だけという状況が保証されて初めて、交渉ベースのトポロジ収束が可能になります。
RSTP であっても、ポートが半二重で動作している限り3台目が存在する可能性があるので、タイマーによるトポロジ収束となります。
（スイッチによっては、半二重であっても強制的にRSTP を動作させるよう設定できるものもありますが、RSTP が正常に動作するのは、スイッチと直接接続されている場合のみです）
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